Hamlets 7 Soliloquies - 1815 Words

William Shakespeare s, Hamlet, features a round, enigmatic character, Hamlet, whose personality is brought out and understood with the help of seven soliloquies featured throughout the play. He leads a very complicated life as his father, the former King of Denmark, was killed by his uncle, the present King, who is now married to his mother, Gertrude. Audiences often find it difficult to extract pieces of his personality because of how mysterious and difficult to read he is. However, Hamlet s seven soliloquies aid in revealing that he struggles with his indecisiveness, that his experiences have put him in a melancholy, depressed state, and they convince one to believe that he is a philosophical and contemplative thinker. First off, the†¦show more content†¦Hamlet does not know how to show these emotions because he is uncertain whether or not Claudius actually killed his father, even though there is substantial evidence given to him by the ghost. He ponders how and why the ac tors are being melodramatic about a situation; this is because he is unsure about how emotions work and how one can fake them so eloquently. The acting astonishes him as a result of his lack of acting skills. Unfortunately, this flaw of indecisiveness is what leads to the tragic ending of the play. As a matter of fact, the first sense of decisiveness is shown in the sixth soliloquy, when, sadly, it is too late. Hamlet finally decides that he is going to kill Claudius, but he already learned about his plan and strategized a way to kill Hamlet. His decisiveness is clear in this soliloquy as he thinks, To take him in the purging of his soul, when he is fit and seasoned for his passage? No (Act 3 Scene 3 page 4). He finally asked a question and answered it himself. Although, he is once again unsure about when he should kill him because he thinks that if does it while he is praying, he will go to heaven, and that is not the point of his revenge. When he finally decides when to do it, Cla udius was already one step ahead and Hamlet was killed. The audience witnesses his frustration in the seventh soliloquy as he says, How all occasions do inform against me,Show MoreRelatedStruggle and Disillusionment in Hamlet Essays919 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare’s employment of dramatic struggle and disillusionment through his character Hamlet, contributes to the continued engagement of modern audiences. The employment of the soliloquy demonstrates Shakespeare’s approach to the dramatic treatment of these emotions. The soliloquy brings a compensating intimacy, and becomes the means by which Shakespeare brings the audience not only to a knowledge of secret thoughts of characters, but into the closest emotional touch with them too. Through thisRead MoreInvestigation of Hamlets Tragic Flaw that Led to his Demise Essay1384 Words   |  6 PagesInvestigation of Hamlets Tragic Flaw that Led to his Demise William Shakespeares tragedy plays have fascinated people from the time of the renaissance to present modern times. All his tragedy plays are five acts long, and the climax of the play occurs in the third act. In each and every tragedy play there is a tragic hero who bears a tragic flaw. Every tragic hero usually possesses valor characteristics such as bravery, honesty, intelligence, and so on. In the ShakespeareanRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesuncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous soliloquy â€Å"To be or not to be.† This soliloquy symbolizes that Hamlet is pondering whether this is worth it anymore. If his life is worth it anymore. In this soliloquy, we got a lot of insight on the character of Hamlet and how he feels and life and death. The first line â€Å"To be, or not to be- that is the question:† is his thesis of his soliloquy. To commit suicide or not. The word to ‘be’ represents to exist or not. TheRead MoreThe Human Condition and Ideologies in Hamlet by Willliam Shakespeare1522 Words   |  7 Pagesintrospective play, Hamlet, explores the complexity of the human condition by reflecting ideologies such as justice, loyalty and morality. Although these deeply human ideas ensure the plays resonance, they are somewhat secondary to the depths of Hamlet’s human struggle. These thematic concerns reflect how flaws in the values of society descend into corruption. Through an exploration of the characterization, Shakespeare invites a re-evaluation of the values that shape human nature. The textual integrityRead MoreAnalysis Of To Be Or Not To Be795 Words   |  4 PagesBe† speech is a very famous soliloquy in English Literature. This piece refers to the theme of the afterlife, it also provides Hamlet’s continued reflecting contemplation between his ambiguous personalities. Throughout the speech Hamlet contemplated the thought of offing himself right then and there. This is shown by his depressed sequestered tone and his distressed actions with the dagger that successfully programs the audience to truly see what hides under Hamlet’s previous actions in the playRead More Hamlet Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pages(The Hamlet Paradigm, by John S. Mamoun). Hamlet is very far form being mad, he is perfectly capable of recognizing his enemies. Hamlets madness was faked for a purpose. He warned his friends he intended to fake madness, but Gertrude, Claudius, and even the slightly dull-witted Polonius saw through it. His public face is one of insanity but in his private moments of soliloquy, through his confidences to Horatio, and in his careful plans of action, we see that his madness is assumed. After the GhostsRead MoreHamlets Metamorphosis Essay1907 Words   |  8 Pages56)- so starts Hamlets most famous and well-known soliloquy. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the main character- Hamlet- goes through many transitions. These changes are very apparent through his soliloquies, each of which shows him in a different state of mind. His first soliloquy exists merely to show his profound melancholia and the reasons for his despair (Mabillard Part 1... 3). He refers to himself as ...a rogue and peasant slave (II. ii. 577) by his second soliloquy and wishes he couldRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1640 Words   |  7 Pagesto avenge his father’s death. Although early in the play Hamlet tells his friends, Horatio and Marcellus, that he is going to assume an â€Å"antic disposition,† it is commonly debated as to whether or not Hamlet actually delves into madness (1.5.192). Hamlet’s display of control over both his thoughts and his actions, coupled with the fact that many other characters doubt his madness, makes it evident that Hamlet never does descend into true madness. Many believe that Hamlet first displays his insanityRead MoreHamlet: Analytical Essay About Style834 Words   |  4 Pagesdetectable and obvious, then there are also ones that are more subtle and sophisticated. Soliloquies are often places where emphasis is needed and thus a majority of the time they are full of literary devices. A particular passage in which there are an assortment of different devices that fit together well and reinforce his rage at his mother being with his uncle, starts in Act 3, Scene 4, Line 53 with Hamlet’s soliloquy, stating the difference between his father, Hamlet, and his uncle, Claudius, to GertrudeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Hamlet - Sanity Vs. Insanity1742 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Earliest Period to the Present Time). Hamlet’s actions are entirely too extreme for him to be faking his insanity. Hamlet is constantly on the brink of insanity, or so it seems like. All this stress is put upon Hamlet and it’s difficult to tell if he’s faking his insanity or not due to multiple portions of the play. He lost control of his actions, which led to many other issues to arise in the play, and others uphold his ability of dramatic art. Hamlet’s behavior, especially toward Ophelia is inconsistent

Analysis of Antigone - 862 Words

Analysis of Antigone Today the United States is controlled by three branches, but the executive branch is the branch that is commonly referred to when mentioning the United States; the President. Who was once just a loyal friend of Oedipus, now the ruler of Thebes, Creon can be considered Thebes’s president. A ruler who believes and insists that his word is final when it deals with anything under his jurisdiction, meets a match in Antigone, the daughter of the former ruler of Thebes before he parted unto the other side. â€Å"When the unstoppable object collides with an unmovable object,† can be used to describe the two opposing views of Antigone and Creon. Every hero or heroine must go through a three part journey: the departure and†¦show more content†¦Antigone taunts death by coming forth to Creon and stating that she is the one who defied his word and buried Polynices despite of Creon’s orders. Willing to be put to death for her actions, Antigone displays her bravery not only by her actions but shows her individualism by denying her sister helped bury the body. Even though it took some time before Antigone actually gained individualism, she gained it. Every heroine must cross the threshold of dependency and arrive on the opposite side, which is individualism. Not meaning she cant accept the help of others, but more along the lines of not having to rely on others for assistance. Antigone has changed dramatically compared from the character she was when she was first introduced. Inheriting the â€Å"hero ness† from her father, she took steps towards individualism and achieved the status of an archetypal heroine. Embarking on a physical and mental journey to and though Thebes, she was forced to answer her call and become a heroine. Completing the second to last step in a heroine’s quest, Antigone enters the final phase of the journey, the return. Being released from her tomb, her quest is complete and the family name is purifiedShow MoreRelatedAntigone Character Analysis1422 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone, the final play in a series including Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, discusses the ideas of leadership, family, and choices. It features two central characters: Antigone, a girl who chooses to illegally bury her brother, and Creon, a king who decrees the burial of the brother to be illegal. Upon the first encounter of the text, it appears that Antigone is the â€Å"hero† of the play, but on further analysis, one realizes that the tragic hero, as defined by Aristotle, is actually Creon. The ideaRead MoreAntigone Analysis780 Words   |  4 Pages In Auburn University’s production of the play Antigone by Jean Anouilh, the cast depicts the story of the young and spirited girl, Antigone, and her journey to death. While the story line of the famous Antigone is an intriguing one, I am here to talk about the concepts and ideas I found behind this particular production. Some of the aspects that made a memorable performance include the settings, design, and dialogue. The first thing I noticed when I entered the theater was the light that shoneRead MoreAntigone Feminist Analysis1622 Words   |  7 PagesAntigone, a Greek tragedy pertaining to the events following the deaths of Eteocles and Polynices, Oedipus’ sons, due to a conflict over power. Upon the death of both children their uncle Creon takes the throne of Thebes for himself and declares Polynices a traitor to the state and withheld his burial rights from him. Antigone choose to disobey Creon’s decree and bury her bother. Sophocles’ play has been a long treasure piece of literature throughout the ages; sparking many papers and debates fromRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Antigone 1117 Words   |  5 Pagesjourney to fill the void inside of him and search for the enlightenment that he craves. Before he experiences his awakening, he faces many obstacles and fights many battles between his internal values and the values of the world. Likewise, the play Antigone is the sto ry of a tragic hero who defies the rules of her society in order to do what she feels is morally just. She is eventually charged with treason and sentenced to death by the society because of her act of heroism. It is made evident, in readingsRead MoreAntigone Character Analysis1468 Words   |  6 PagesIn the play of Antigone, Sophicles creates a plot that I believe playfully would make viewers sympathetic of the protagonist Antigone. At the beginning of the play, viewers obviously were very sympathetic to Antigone. All she wanted to do was bury her dead brother, and Kreon made it illegal to do such a deed. However, as the play went on, I gained more and more insight on Kreon and my opinion changed. Although Antigone sacrificed her life for what she believed was right, I sympathize more with KreonRead MoreAnalysis Of Oedipus The King And Antigone1170 Words   |  5 Pagesworld. In civilizations such as Athens, women were looked down upon and this battle to leave behind tradition proved to be almost if not fatal. Sophocles Oedipus the King and Antigone exemplify three distinct female Athenian characters who approach this battle with different fronts. Through analysis of Ismene, Antigone and Jocasta’s distinct characters, the reader better understands how Sophocles uses a feminine voice to break away from the tradition discerned in Athenian life to advocate for theRead MoreAnalysis And Comparison Of Ophelia And Antigone1485 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis and Comparison of Ophelia and Antigone Analysis of Antigone Antigone s story begins in the middle of things as the audience is expected to be aware of her background. Antigone firmly believed that she and her sister were the final victims of a curse that was placed upon their family long ago. The rest of her family members had already paid the price of the evil, and it was, therefore, their destiny to die as well. As a result of the curse, Antigone, and her sister Ismene are destined toRead MoreAnalysis Of The Play Antigone 933 Words   |  4 Pagessuperiority? Whatever the reasons were, men had to be seen as the highest being next to whom they worshiped. In the play Antigone by Sophocles, the audience is exposed to the roles of men and women in an ancient Greece society known as Thebes. Although ancient Greece was a male-dominant society where women had as much freedom as a slave, Sophocles’ main character in the play, Antigone, is an example of a brave, strong-minded woman who goes against the limitations that were unfairly set u pon women duringRead MoreAn Analysis Of Medea And Antigone Essay1419 Words   |  6 PagesThe Vileness of Revenge Death is a certainty for any living human being unless a person believes in preserving their brain cryogenically, but despite what you believe, death is going to come either tragically, horribly or peacefully. Now, imagine death coming at the hand of the one who held you close when you were born and shed uncontrollable tears, the one who promised never to let you go come what may, the one who swore to give their life for you if need be, or the one who feels every emotionRead MoreAntigone And Ismene Analysis925 Words   |  4 PagesAntigone, a play by Sophocles, contain the events that occur after the death of Oedipus. Oedipus’ death marked the ending of the preceding book, Oedipus at Colonus. Antigone, as reflected in the title, focuses on the life of Antigone, one of Oedipus’ daughters. Within the play, Antigone is faced with a major disagreement with her sister regarding the proper burial of their brother, Polyneices. Antigone and Ismene are characters that hold con trasting ideals and opinions in reference to the law of

How do criminologists define corporate crime Free Essays

Introduction A standard definition of corporate crime would read as follows: ‘Illegal acts or omissions, punishable by the state†¦ which are the result of deliberate decision- making or culpable negligence within a legitimate formal organisation.’ (McLaughlin Muncie 2006: 74). With reference to how corporate crime has been defined by criminology, in this essay I will firstly explore how conventional criminology, (that which predates the 1970’s), ignored or marginalized corporate crime (Crawford 1998). We will write a custom essay sample on How do criminologists define corporate crime? or any similar topic only for you Order Now I will then discuss the significance of the contribution that Critical criminologies, most notably Marxist Criminology, have made to this debate. I will then go on to consider the seriousness of corporate crime, exploring some of the problems with statistics that attempt to measure the ‘crime problem’. This will be followed by a discussion on criminology post 1970, notably administrative criminology and the implications this has had on crime prevention initiatives in the 1980’s with relevance to corporate crime. The problem with early ‘criminological’ theories, notably classicism and positivism, was not the inaccurate definition that they gave of corporate crime in so much as they ignored it. Crime was considered an individualistic matter (see Taylor, Walton Young 1973; Vold et al 2002) with positivists arguing that crime was ‘tangible’ and ‘quantifiable’ (McLaughlin Muncie 2006: 302), two labels that many contemporary authors would be hesitant to assign to corporate crime (See Slapper Tombs 1999 Green 1990). It was Sutherland’s groundbreaking research on white collar crime in the 1940’s that brought corporate crime to the forefront of the criminological agenda (Williams 2008:56) and thus seems to be a sound starting point for discussion. For the sake of argument, we will consider white collar crime a sub category of corporate crime, defined by Sutherland (1940) as a crime committed by a person of high social status and of respectabil ity in the course of his employment. (A standard definition of corporate crime as the one that I have given earlier does not have the pre requisite of social status or respectability). Nevertheless, criticisms of Sutherland’s definiton of white collar crime, most notably by Nelken (see Nelken in Maguire et al 2007: 733-766) would apply to corporate crime, the first of these being that the behaviours that Sutherland regards as crimes are socially contentious e.g. taking long breaks or misusing the telephone at work. Other crimes that are mentioned are wide ranging and have nothing in common e.g. bank embezzlement and fiddling at work (see Nelken in Maguire et al 2007: 738). Nelken quotes Geiss (1968) who states that socially controversial crimes risk blurring the boundaries between what is criminal and what is not criminal (see Nelken in Maguire et al 1997:740). More generally, corporate crime has been said to be difficult to define because it covers a wide range of crimes and is complicated by terminology such as ‘business’ or ‘organisational’ often used in its place (see Slapper and Tombs (1999)). Crawford (1998) argues that definitions of corporate crime cannot be dicussed without recognising that there is a link between corporate crime and organisational crime. In the end, Nelken argues that bearing all this in mind, perhaps we should be asking ourselves whether definitions of white collar crime within criminology should match legal definitions of white collar crime (Nelken in Maguire et al 2007: 742). Perhaps at this stage, before proceeding to look at Marxist criminologies, it is worth mentioning that matching criminological definitions of crime with legal definitions would not resolve the problem of wide ranging crimes as these will only increase with time. The definition of crime changes according to the social and historical context, as social interactionists raised this very point in the 1960’s arguing that cri me is a social construction (Taylor, Walton Young, 1973: ). Here we can see the beginnings of a more critical understanding of crime, moving away from the focus being on the offender to questions being raised, such as ‘who defines what is a crime?’ bringing into discussion the role of power. We will now move on to a short discussion about the contribution of Marxist criminology, as most work on corporate crime has originated from this school of thought (McLaughlin Muncie 2006: 75). This is because Marxist criminology raises the importance of ‘power’ and the state, arguing that those in power shape the laws in order to protect their own interests (Vold el al 2002: 256). According to Vold (2002), this explains why the cost of street crime in America is $18 billion per year and why the cost of corporate crime is $1 trillion per year (2002: 255). Vold argues that twice as many people die because of illegal workplace conditions as they do from criminal homicide. In answer to the main question, we can safely assume that these statistics illustrate that corporate crime is a serious problem. It has been argued by others that failure by criminal justice agencies to control street crime serves the interest of the ruling class by diverting the public’s attent ion away from the people in power (who the public are greater victims of) and keeps the public in constant anxiety about lower class crime (Reiman, 1998 in Vold et al 2002). This may explain as we shall see further on why crime prevention initiatives have ignored corporate crime. Marxist criminology may have been criticised for not offering any realistic solutions to the crime problem (Lea Young 1984), however with the rights given to corporations to have the right of ownership over genetic materials taken from living organisms (Manning, 2000), we can see some of the potential problems to come. Going back to statistics, no discussion on the seriousness of corporate crime can be complete without mentioning the problems with empirical research in its quest to measure how serious corporate crime is. One way of looking at the phenomenon of ‘seriousness’ is to measure levels of corporate crime. This however presents quite a challenge as corporate crime is one such crime where they may be no clear victim. Crawford (1998) offers this as one explanation as to why crime prevention initiatives are difficult to implement in addressing corporate crime (1998:166). Although some crime prevention surveys have included commercial and other white collar crimes (Pearce: 1996), Crawford (1998) argues that surveys are still required to use what he terms ‘popularly meaningful’ definitions of crime, which means that this limits the range of crimes that are included in surveys (1998:166). All of this gives more credibility to the notion that there is a ‘dark figure of crime.’ (see Coleman 1996) especially where for example corporate crime is omitted from victim surveys such as the British Crime Survey (Swale 2007: 123). Despite these problems with crime statis tics, this does not explain why government crime prevention initiatives that are the result of criminological research ignore corporate crime (Box 1983). If positivism and classicism ignored corporate crime the same can be said of administrative criminology which emerged in the late 1980’s and which gave birth to situational crime prevention initiatives in the 1980’s (see Hughes 1996). The ideas of administrative criminology were a rehash of classicist notions of the criminal as being rational and calculating. Situational crime prevention was however concerned with manipulating the physical environment for e.g. through using surveillance techniques like CCTV or improving architectural design. However as many have argued situational crime prevention agendas have ignored crimes committed by the powerful such as governments and crimes against human rights aswell as the police (Cohen 1993; McLaughlin 1996). The reason put forward by Hughes as regards the lack of focus on corporate crimes is because situational crime prevention inititiatives agendas have been set by the demands of the government. This essay has explored how early criminology predating the 1970’s ignored or marginalized corporate crime. The 1960’s saw the beginnings of more critical thinking, notably with the emergence of social interactionism and then in the 1970’s Marxist Criminology which focussed its attention away from the offender and on to the state as the object of study. It was from Marxist Criminology that much research on corporate crime emerged and which had provided some explanation as to why corporate crime is still not considered part of the ‘crime problem’. Marxist criminology is however not without its critics (see Lea Young, 1984). As we have shown, administrative criminology which paved the way for crime prevention initiatives again ignored corporate crime and reverted back to previous classicist ideas, with a focus on crime as being individualistic (see Hughes, 1996). As regards to how serious a problem corporate crime poses we need to be certain about ho w much corporate crime there is. However, due to the problems that I have considered with statistics this is tricky. What we can be certain of is that with developments in science and technology and e.g. the commodification of DNA (Nelken in Maguire et al 2007:765) we can only take it as inevitable that as Social Interactionists have suggested, this will result in the creation of newer crimes (see Taylor, Walton Young 1973), for which reason we should abandon our search in coming to a more comprehensive understanding of corporate crime. Bibliography Carrington Hogg (2002) Critical Criminology: Issues, debates, challenges Devon:Willan Publishing Crawford, A (1998) Crime prevention and Community Safety Essex: Pearson Education Hughes, G (1996) Understanding Crime Prevention Buckingham: OUP Lea Young (1984) What is to be done about Law Order London: Pluto Press Maguire et al (1997) Oxford Handbook of Criminology Oxford: OUP McLaughlin The Sage Dictionary of Criminology Muncie (2006) London: Sage Swale, J (2007) Sociology of Crime and Deviance Oxfordshire: Hodder Education Taylor, Walton Young (1973) The New Criminology London: Routledge Vold et al (2002) Theoretical Criminology Oxford: OUP Williams, K (2007) Textbook on Criminology Oxford: OUP How to cite How do criminologists define corporate crime?, Essay examples

Asian Regional Development for Sedentary- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theAsian Regional Development for Sedentary Lifestyles. Answer: Introduction Health is the most important aspect that leads to the economic and social development of a community. The increasing incidence of cardiovascular disease across the globe has been a consequence of increased life expectancy, changes in diet, sedentary lifestyles and availability of nutrition dense diets. While the focus of the developed countries is on the prevention of non-communicable diseases such as, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease and high lipid levels in blood, several low and middle-income countries are yet to make prevention a priority. Health is a pre-requisite for any country to progress economically. Because lack of optimal health compromises the ability of the workforce to contribute in full capacity to the nations GDP. Besides, the costs incurred by the healthcare system on treatment of the disease, particularly in case of preventable disease, can cause patients and their families to become impoverished due to debts taken from money lenders. This becomes an impediment for social and economic growth. The occurrence of ailments such as HIV/AIDS in women of child bearing age puts the health of the child at risk. It necessitates long term treatment. Though ART increases the life expectancy of patients and many of them are able to return to the workforce, the social stigma attached to the disease may reduce the motivation for many women to continue with the medication. The prolonged distress may cause mental health issues in many women who remain worried about the health of the unborn child. Many people living in low income countries such as Indonesia have to pay out-of-pocket due to poor insurance coverage and their families become debt ridden and remain so for many years. Some may even sell assets to generate money for treatment. Research In order to select articles for this paper, keywords were used to search the NCBI and PubMed database that included, importance of health, outcomes of good maternal health on the economy, impact of HIV/AIDS infection among mothers on the economic status of families, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and its economic and social impact. Papers that addressed the issue of social stigma were also chosen for this study. Relevant papers were chosen upon reading the title and the abstract of the paper. A total of 25 papers were chosen for this study. Some papers pertaining to the above-mentioned topics were selected because the studies were done in Indonesia as this country from the Asia-Pacific region has been chosen as a case study for the current study. Importance of Health Health may often mean the absence of a disease but the World Health Organisation defines health as 'a state of physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO.int, 2017). It is important for people to maintain good health because they can participate in the tasks that make their life more fulfilling and their contribution to the economic betterment of the society provides more meaning to their life. A healthy body enables a person to carry out all the functions and duties at home, in the place of work and as a citizen of a country. Diseases may be infectious or non-communicable. While infectious diseases are caused due to transmission of pathogens from one individual to another, non-communicable diseases are usually an outcome of poor lifestyle(Farhud, 2015). HIV/AIDS is an infectious disease that can be transmitted due use of contaminated needles, sexual contact or can be passed from a mother to child at the time of birth and globally ab out 1.5 million people die a premature death due to the disease. Exacerbations among AIDS patients of other infectious diseases such as tuberculosis are also high (Harries, 2015). Good health is an outcome of good education, gainful employment and the ability to seek medical advice when disease occurs. A good socioeconomic status improves the chances of good health while people from poor socioeconomic backgrounds suffer and are not able to access treatment in the event of an illness. Tobacco use, poor nutrition and a physically inactive lifestyle compound the chances of poor health (Pampel Krueger, 2010). Variables of lifestyle that can impact health include intake of diet that supports a healthy body mass index (BMI), exercise and quality of sleep. Factors that impact health negatively include substance abuse and improper use of medication(Farhud, 2015). HIV/AIDS and cardiovascular disease may be the outcome of risky health behaviours. Maternal mortality in general has been high in Indonesia. The rate of maternal mortality was studied in the eastern Indonesian province of Nusa Tengarra Timur (NTT). The MMR for the province is more than the national average at 271deaths per 100,000 live births. Several factors cause the high MMR in Indonesia. Access to good healthcare is limited, there is a shortage of trained healthcare staff. There is low awareness about maternal health and people are culturally constrained on several aspects of safe motherhood. Nutritional status of women is low, use of contraception is unmet. All maternal deaths are not recorded due to a frail system. Due to poverty and lack of education many births take place at home, antenatal care is difficult to access due to remote or rural location (Belton, Myers, Ngana, 2014). According to a study in an Indonesian hospital on the incidence of HIV/AIDS, it was found that more women are now getting infected and that many of them are pregnant at the time of their diagnosis. Unprotected sex was found to be the main mode of infection (Rahmalia, et al., 2015). Impact of maternal health on household economics Health matters concerning women are important for protection and for the sustainable development of a society. Investment in the area of women's health pays dividends not only in the arena of protection of women's rights but also in economic growth. Economic and societal growth depends to a large extent on the health status of women. Poor maternal health causes a reduction in the availability of resources in households. The concomitant increase in the spending on provision of healthcare is met through loans from family members or money lenders(Powell-Jackson Hoque, 2012). Most households where illness strikes make out-of-pocket expenditure for treatment and source the additional spending on healthcare from their income, borrowings, savings, selling asset or livestock (Alam Mahal, 2014). The overall impact on household economics is detrimental occurs and it takes several years for families to be free of debt. Social impact on women suffering from HIV/AIDS In cases where the illness among pregnant mothers is HIV/AIDS, the childbearing women face a host of social challenges along with the economic burden. Even in cases where the pregnancy is normal, the women have to cope with stress and uncertainties because they are suffering from a life-threatening disease. Depression, feeling rejected and insomnia are other mental health issues that women with recently diagnosed HIV/AIDS may experience(Orza, et al., 2015). The society they live is more likely to discriminate against them and stigmatising behaviours may have to be dealt with. Technology and medication like the antiretroviral therapy help women to deal with the medical aspects of the disease but the stress associated with social stigma deals a blow to their mental health, as they may suffer from stress during the gestation period. The preparedness and education required among communities to integrate these women into society is severely lacking. Instead of helping them align with the society and deal with the distress of suffering from HIV/AIDS during the pregnancy, the negative attitudes of the community make the situation more difficult for the child bearing mothers (Kontomanolis, et al., 2017). Social disadvantage of women living with HIV/AIDS affects their mental health and compromises their human rights, ability to seek treatment and the ability to adhere to medication, so policy makers must make interventions directed at resolving their plight(Orza, et al., 2015). Stigmatised women may often have different vulnerability and sensitivity to the discrimination faced by them, even though the treatment may be carried out in confidentially. The impact of stigma may be so great that women may choose to reject treatment even at a risk to the foetus (Kontomanolis, et al., 2017). The treatment given to the child bearing women afflicted with HIV should be without discrimination on grounds of nationality, race, religion, or condition(Shapiro, et al., 2016). The impact of stigma and discrimination can be rather severe. In a study where women reported being morally judged and did not receive respect during treatment tried to avoid taking treatment for prevention of parent-to-child transmission of HIV (Rahangdale, et al., 2010). Social support for patients should therefore cover the physical and mental dimensions that are affected due to long term chronic diseases such as HIV/AIDS. While there is considerable progress in the treatment and medical advancements in the treatment of AIDS/HIV, there is hardly any effort or research done towards minimising stigma and measurement of the impact of the discrimination faced by patients. Studies at the macroeconomic level show that expenditure on maternal and child health improve productivity and thus lead to substantial social and economic benefits. Investment in health helps in a societys development and of course has its intrinsic benefits(Onarheim, 2016). Better maternal health improves the childs health and this improves the economic condition of the family and the community that they live in. In case of women afflicted with HIV, the treatment through antiretroviral therapy, the health benefits have been enormous and so have improved the economic well-being of their families (Bor, et al., 2013). A study in Africa found that ART could increase the life expectancy by about 11.3 years and so the social value of ART treatment has increased and this may have implications for funding agencies and policy makers. The increase in life expectancy and treatment enables the affected to work and remain employed, thus the economy receives a boost. Investments in maternal heal th therefore translate into economic benefits, particularly for the low and middle- income countries (Halim, et al., 2015). Economic impact of cardiovascular disease Globally, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease has exceeded that of infectious diseases such as, HIV. What was once known as a disease of the affluent, now afflicts more people in the low and middle-income countries of the world. By 2020, cardiovascular disease will be the reason for most deaths. As countries shift from agrarian economies to industrialized economies, several social and economic changes have occurred. Longevity has increased, better public health facilities have developed and so has the propensity to suffer from chronic non- communicable diseases (Gaziano, et al., 2010). But the co-morbidities of cardiovascular disease, such as, stroke and cardiac attacks are often debilitating, require long term treatment and can cause loss of work force. The economic burden occurs due to costs incurred by the health care system, since patients suffering from cardiovascular disease may often require hospitalisation. Procedures related to the treatment such as, catheterization, use of stents and other medication costs add up to enormous amounts. Upon discharge, there are the expenses incurred at the outpatient department, secondary prevention and costs incurred at the pharmacy. Treatment may involve visits to the nursing home, rehabilitation of the patient, costs of nursing at home and several other expenses. In most cases patients receive treatment in the hope that they will be able to return to work and lead active lives after the treatment. The microeconomic impact on the household is substantial. The family may have to spend all their savings towards treatment and they may have to sell property to be able to raise enough funds for the treatment. In many countries insurance coverage for health expenses is almost negligible (Schieber , et al., 2007). The loss due to reduced or no productivity at work due to the inability of the patient to work impacts from the macroeconomic point of view. At times, even caregivers may have to give up work or remain absent from work on a prolonged so as to be able to care for a family member. Cardiovascular disease is a consequence of several risk factors associated with modern lifestyle. Cigarette smoking, excess weight, hypertension, diabetes, elevated total cholesterol and dyslipidemia are risk factors that increase the likelihood of a person suffering from cardiovascular disease. The economic development of Indonesia has brought on health challenges that are an outcome of modern lifestyle in all low and middle- income countries. Cardiovascular disease occurrence has emerged as a major public health challenge because, a third of all deaths in Indonesia are now due to cardiovascular disease (Hussain, et al., 2016). The relative affluence is usually cited as the reason for changes in diet and nutritional habits that has increased the risk of vascular diseases and stroke in Indonesia. The economic impact of cardiovascular disease and non-communicable diseases in Indonesia is high and is expected to rise further, as in all low and middle income countries. The economic burden of cardiovascular disease is also likely to increase as the expenditure on medical facilities is set to increase. The lost hours of work due to the disease will also affect household incomes and the economic hardship for the affected families shall increase. Since the coverage of health insurance is low, most families depend on out-of-pocket expenditure for treatment. The country struggles to meet the healthcare needs due to rising incidence of non-communicable disease on one hand and reducing infant and maternal deaths on the other (Schrders, et al., 2017). In Indonesia, a study found that 73% of men above the age of 45 years were smokers. The incidence of arrhythmia, cardiovascular disease and heart failure was fond to be high among the people from this age group(Sumartono, et al., 2011). Impact of cardiovascular disease on social progress Lower age of onset of cardiovascular disease has been observed among populations in South east Asia, including Indonesia. The average age of patients who have suffered from myocardial infarction is 52 years whereas, it is 60-65 years in Western countries. This leads to a fall in the workforce capacity and the potential of economic growth is affected. The fall in economic productivity is considerable. In a study on the impact of cardiovascular disease on the microeconomics of the family in four countries-Argentina, India, China and Tanzania, the effect of hospitalization on the family financial health was studied. The study evaluated the source of the funding for meeting hospital expenses, how impoverished the family became as a result of the illness, alterations in the functional capacity and productivity due to the illness and the quantum of the expenditure were assessed. Substantial financial stress was experienced by the families because the expenses were made out-of-pocket and me dical insurance coverage was non-existent (Huffman, et al., 2011). Rural status and low education increased financial distress among the patients families. The countries in South east Asia have yet to work on aspects that reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by cardiovascular disease. Preventive steps to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular disease are required. Patients who receive social and emotional support are more likely to recover from their illness quickly(Reblin Uchino, 2008). Socioeconomic groups with better education, access to healthcare in urban hospitals and those with insurance cover are able to finance their healthcare expenditure without undergoing financial distress. The impact of the caregiving responsibilities on the family is substantial. Family members may get overwhelmed due to the demands of care in taking care of a family member. Care taking can cause exhaustion, depression and affect the physical and mental health of the family member. The demands of a cardiovascular patients healthcare regimen are often complex, they need assistance with a low sodium diet, fluid management, constant assessment of symptoms such as, shortness of breath and interrupted sleep is required. This reduces the quality of life of the family member providing care. Repeated hospitalisation increases anxiety and depression of the caregiver. Several times, the caregiver may be a spouse with advanced age and health problems of their own(Dunbar, et al., 2008). While managing the patients chronic disease condition, the family have to adapt to a changed routine and altered behaviour that helps the patient to manage the disease better. Supportive family environment improves patient outcomes but critical family members can reduce adherence to diet and medication and affect the patient negatively (Rosland, et al., 2012). In Indonesia, the increasing disease burden due to non-communicable diseases and cardiovascular disease in particular, has occurred due to increased life expectancy, increased consumption of fat, sedentary lifestyles and high incidence of tobacco smoking. Traditional healthcare in Indonesia has been geared to attend to infectious diseases in a disease-focussed manner. The prevention of cardiovascular disease requires complex multisectoral health program that is sustained over a long period. But deficiencies in political involvement in public health, lack of dedicated health institutions that can work towards the prevention of cardiovascular disease, lack of recognition of non-communicable diseases as a serious health concern are factors that demand attention (Schrders, et al., 2017). Prevention of cardiovascular disease requires that it become part of the social fabric. Conclusion The importance of preserving and maintaining good health has been the emphasis of many public health programs. When citizens are healthy they can contribute to the economic and social growth of a country. Infectious diseases such as, HIV/AIDS affect the economic growth of a country due to the high cost of long term treatment on one hand and loss of workforce hours on the other. Maternal HIV/AIDS takes a toll on the microeconomics of the family and reduces the earnings of the family. The social impact of the disease causes considerable distress to child-bearing women because they have to confront people who judge them on moral grounds. There is little motivation for the woman then to undergo the long treatment. The distress that is experienced by the women affects development on the economic and social fronts. Family earnings drop and the families often become debt ridden. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease has increased due to changes in lifestyle and increase in the incidence of hypertension, diabetes due to improved diet, sedentary lifestyles and ignorance about methods for prevention. In countries like Indonesia the public health initiatives in prevention of cardiovascular disease are often lacking. Families have to make provision for the treatment if illness occurs in the family. Very few people have health insurance, so borrowing money from other family members and money-lenders is the only option. The disease leaves a person weak and they cannot return to the workforce in full capacity. This pushes the family further into the throes of poverty. Family members providing care to the patient experience stress as they have to make lifestyle adaptations to suit the needs of the patient. 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